Translation is not merely the replacement of words from one language into another; it is a complex linguistic, cultural, and communicative activity. During the process of translation, a translator encounters several issues that influence the quality, accuracy, and acceptability of the translated text. These issues arise due to differences in language structure, culture, context, style, and purpose. Understanding these issues is essential for producing an effective translation. One of the major issues in translation is linguistic equivalence. Every language has its own grammatical structure, vocabulary, idioms, and expressions. A word or phrase in the source language may not have an exact equivalent in the target language. The translator must therefore search for the closest possible meaning without distorting the original message. Literal translation often fails when linguistic structures differ significantly. Another important issue is cultural equivalence. Language reflects the culture of its speakers. Cultural references, customs, traditions, beliefs, food items, festivals, social practices, and historical events may not be familiar to readers of the target language. In such situations, the translator must decide whether to retain the original cultural element, explain it, or replace it with a culturally similar expression. This decision affects the readability and authenticity of the translation. Idioms, proverbs, and figurative expressions also present significant challenges. Their meanings cannot usually be understood