Women prisoners in India constitute a particularly vulnerable group within the criminal justice system. Their experiences are shaped not only by imprisonment but also by gender-based discrimination, poverty, social stigma, domestic violence, inadequate access to education and employment, and unequal access to legal and health services. Many women enter prisons after experiencing violence, exploitation, coercion or difficult socio-economic circumstances. Therefore, the condition of women prisoners needs to be understood through a gender-sensitive approach. Women form a relatively small proportion of India’s prison population, but their needs are distinct from those of male prisoners. A significant number of women prisoners are undertrial prisoners, meaning that they have not yet been convicted. Delays in investigation and trial can result in prolonged incarceration and serious consequences for women who may have limited financial resources to secure legal representation. Poverty, illiteracy and lack of awareness about legal rights can further increase their vulnerability. Gender-based violence is an important factor in understanding the lives of many women prisoners. Some women may have experienced domestic violence, sexual abuse, trafficking, forced marriage or other forms of exploitation before entering prison. In certain cases, violence and coercion may also be associated with the circumstances surrounding the offence for which they were arrested. Consequently,