Urban growth, especially in developing countries, has been rapid and often unplanned, leading to a wide range of socio-economic, environmental, and infrastructural problems. One of the most prominent issues is the proliferation of slums and informal settlements. Due to rural-urban migration and inadequate housing supply, a large section of the urban population is forced to live in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions lacking basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity. This results in poor health outcomes and increases vulnerability to diseases. Another major problem is the strain on urban infrastructure. Rapid population growth in cities exerts excessive pressure on transportation systems, water supply, sewage, and waste management services. Traffic congestion has become a common feature in metropolitan areas, leading to loss of productivity,