Education in India has undergone significant reforms across different historical phases, reflecting the changing social, political, and economic needs of the country. In the pre-colonial period, education was largely traditional, imparted through institutions like gurukuls, madrasas, and pathshalas, focusing on religion, philosophy, and classical knowledge. However, modern educational reforms began during the colonial period under British rule, which introduced a new system of formal education. One of the earliest reforms was the introduction of Western education through the Charter Act of 1813, which allocated funds for educational development. The famous Minute on Education by Thomas Macaulay in 1835 emphasized English as the medium of instruction and aimed to create a class of educated Indians who could assist in administration. Wood’s Despatch of 1854 further laid the foundation of a systematic education system by recommending the establishment of universities, teacher training institutions, and a hierarchical structure of education from primary to higher levels. It also encouraged the spread of female education and vocational training.