B.R. Ambedkar, one of the chief architects of the Indian Constitution, was a profound thinker and social reformer whose critique of parliamentary democracy was deeply rooted in the realities of Indian society. He viewed parliamentary democracy not just as a political system but as a framework that needed to be evaluated in terms of its ability to ensure social justice, equality, and effective governance. Ambedkar’s critique was informed by his understanding of the limitations of democracy in a society structured by rigid hierarchies, deep social inequalities, and the dominance of certain groups over others. He recognized that democracy, if left unchecked or purely procedural, could fail to achieve its foundational goals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Ambedkar acknowledged the theoretical appeal of parliamentary democracy as a form of governance that allows representation, debate, and accountability. However, he warned that in practice, democracy could be manipulated by dominant social and economic groups to maintain their power. In India, the caste system and entrenched social hierarchies posed a major challenge to the democratic ideal. Ambedkar argued that simply establishing a parliamentary framework would not automatically guarantee equality or justice. For instance, he was concerned that elected representatives, drawn from dominant castes, might legislate in ways that perpetuate social exclusion and discrimination against marginalized communities, particularly the Dalits. In this sense, he saw a potential disconnect between the formal procedures of democracy and its substantive outcomes. One of Ambedkar’s major critiques was that parliamentary democracy in India might become a tool for majoritarian rule rather than a mechanism for inclusive governance. He feared that without adequate safeguards, the majority could impose its will on minority groups, thus undermining the principles of equality and justice. Ambedkar emphasized that democracy should not only be a political process but must also include mechanisms to protect the rights and interests of weaker sections. He proposed measures like reserved seats in legislatures, separate electorates, and affirmative action policies to ensure that historically marginalized groups had a voice in the decision-making process. These suggestions reflected his belief that democracy in a socially stratified society needed corrective measures to function effectively. Ambedkar