Sociology of science is the systematic study of science as a social institution and of the relationships between scientific knowledge, scientists, institutions, and society. It examines how scientific knowledge is produced, organized, communicated, evaluated, and used within a social environment. Unlike the philosophy of science, which is mainly concerned with the logic, validity, and methodology of scientific knowledge, sociology of science focuses on the social conditions and processes that influence scientific activities. In the context of Informetrics and Scientometrics, it is particularly important because scientific communication, publication patterns, collaboration, citation behaviour, and research productivity are shaped by social structures and institutional practices. One important function of the sociology of science is to study the social organization of scientific research. It examines universities, research institutions, laboratories, professional associations, journals, funding agencies, and other organizations through which scientific activities are conducted. It also studies the roles and relationships of