Define turbidity in water and explain its causes, measurement, and significance for
water quality.

Describe the reasons of soil alkalinity and the consequences of the same

What is meant by the atmospheric effect and the greenhouse effect? 

Explain the importance of groundwater as a water resource in India. What are the
problems in overusing ground water?

What is meant by the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils? What is the property
of soil that determines the CEC of soils? How does CEC vary with pH?

State the five “designated best uses” of water as per the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) classification and give one corresponding primary water quality
criterion for each

Describe the distribution of the world’s water resources among oceans, icecaps/
glaciers, groundwater, and surface water, providing approximate percentages.