Question
Define turbidity in water and explain its causes, measurement, and significance for
water quality.
Answer :
Word Count : 1324
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Skip in 10
Turbidity is an important physical characteristic of water that indicates the degree of cloudiness or haziness caused by suspended and colloidal particles present in it. In Environmental Chemistry, turbidity is considered an important parameter for assessing water quality because it provides information about the presence of materials such as clay, silt, organic matter, microorganisms, plankton and other finely divided substances. Pure water is generally clear because it contains very few suspended particles, whereas water containing a large quantity of suspended matter appears cloudy. Turbidity does not directly measure the amount of suspended solids, but it measures the scattering and absorption of light caused by particles in water. The main causes of turbidity are natural as well as human-induced. Natural sources include soil erosion, surface runoff, floods, storms and the weathering of rocks. Rainfall can wash soil particles, clay and silt from agricultural fields and exposed land into rivers, lakes and reservoirs. During floods, large quantities of sediments may enter surface-water bodies, resulting in a substantial increase in turbidity. The growth of algae, phytoplankton and other aquatic organisms can also increase turbidity. Organic debris from plants and animals may enter water and contribute to its cloudy appearance. Human activities are another major source of turbidity. Agricultural activities can cause soil erosion, particularly where vegetation has been removed or where farming is carried out on sloping land. Construction activities, mining, quarrying and road development expose soil and increase the movement of sediments into nearby water bodies. Industrial activities may discharge suspended particles, chemicals and waste materials into water. Untreated or inadequately treated domestic sewage can also increase turbidity because it contains organic matter, microorganisms and other suspended materials. Urban storm-water runoff carries dust, soil, waste and other particles into streams and lakes. Deforestation and improper land management further increase erosion and sediment transport. The characteristics of suspended particles strongly influence turbidity. Large particles may settle rapidly at the bottom of
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