Waste disposal refers to the systematic collection, treatment, processing, recycling, and final removal of waste generated by households, institutions, industries, hospitals, markets, and other human activities. Waste may include biodegradable materials, plastics, paper, glass, metals, chemicals, sanitary waste, electronic waste, and other discarded materials. Proper disposal is an essential part of environmental protection and public health because unmanaged waste can pollute air, water, and soil and can create conditions for the spread of diseases. Waste disposal begins with the collection of waste from its source. It is then transported to appropriate facilities where it may be reused, recycled, composted, treated, or safely deposited. Biodegradable waste such as vegetable peels, food remains, and garden waste can be converted into compost or biogas. Recyclable materials such as paper, glass, metals, and certain plastics can be recovered and processed into new products. Hazardous waste requires special treatment because it may contain toxic, infectious, corrosive, or flammable substances. The final disposal of waste that cannot be reused or treated may be carried out in scientifically designed sanitary landfills or