Deforestation refers to the large-scale removal of forests for agriculture, industries, roads, mining, settlements and other human activities. It has serious environmental, social and economic consequences and often affects women and men differently because they have different responsibilities, resources and access to natural resources. Five important consequences of deforestation can be discussed as follows. First, deforestation causes loss of biodiversity. Forests provide habitats for numerous plants, animals, birds and insects. When forests are cleared, these species lose their natural homes and food sources. Some species may migrate, while others may become endangered or extinct. For example, the destruction of tropical rainforests in the Amazon has threatened many species. Loss of biodiversity also affects communities that depend on forests for food, medicine and other resources. Women in many rural societies often collect forest products such as fuelwood, fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants, so declining biodiversity can directly increase their