The human–environment relationship is a dynamic and interdependent interaction in which humans both influence and are influenced by the natural world. This relationship is best understood through the interaction of biotic and abiotic components that together form ecosystems. Biotic components refer to all living organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, while abiotic components include non-living elements like air, water, soil, temperature, and minerals. Humans are part of the biotic system but possess the unique ability to modify both biotic and abiotic factors on a large scale. Biotic components directly support human life by providing food, oxygen, and other essential resources. Plants, for example, are primary producers that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This process not only forms the base of the food chain but also releases oxygen, which is essential for human respiration. Forest ecosystems illustrate this relationship clearly; they supply timber, fruits, medicinal plants, and regulate climate. However, human activities such as deforestation disrupt these biotic systems, leading to biodiversity loss and ecological imbalance. Animals also play a significant role in maintaining ecological stability. Pollinators like bees contribute to agricultural productivity, while predators help control population imbalances. When humans overexploit these species, it