Deforestation refers to the large-scale removal of forests for agriculture, industries, settlements, mining, roads, and other human activities. It is not only an environmental issue but also a social and cultural concern because forests support livelihoods, traditional practices, community relationships, and gender roles. The consequences of deforestation affect women and men differently, particularly in rural and forest-dependent communities. Five major consequences are discussed below. The first major consequence is loss of biodiversity. Forests provide habitats for plants, animals, birds, insects, and microorganisms. When forests are cleared, many species lose their natural habitats and become threatened or extinct. For example, extensive deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has contributed to the destruction of habitats of numerous species. In India, the destruction and fragmentation of forest areas threaten wildlife such as elephants, tigers, and several species of birds and medicinal plants. The loss of biodiversity also affects communities that depend on forests for food, medicine, fuel, and other resources. The second consequence is climate change and global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and