Emission trading, also referred to as cap-and-trade, is a market-based approach designed to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. The central idea behind emission trading is to set a regulatory cap on the total level of greenhouse gas emissions or other pollutants while allowing individual firms the flexibility to meet their targets in a cost-effective manner. Under this system, the regulatory authority allocates or auctions a certain number of emission allowances, each representing the right to emit a specified amount of pollutants, typically measured in tons of carbon dioxide or its equivalent. Companies that reduce their emissions below their allocated allowance can sell or trade the excess credits to other companies that are struggling to meet their emission limits. This creates a financial motivation for firms to invest in cleaner technologies and more efficient processes, as reducing emissions below the cap can generate additional revenue through the sale of surplus allowances. Conversely, companies that exceed their allotted limits must purchase extra allowances, effectively imposing a cost on higher emissions, which encourages adherence to environmental standards. The functioning of emission trading relies on establishing a robust market for these emission permits or credits. In practice, governments or regulatory bodies determine the overall cap based on environmental targets and then distribute allowances to participating companies. Companies with innovative processes or cleaner production methods can reduce their emissions below their assigned limits and gain tradable credits, while those with higher pollution levels can buy these credits to comply with regulations. The price of emission credits is determined by supply and demand within the market, reflecting the economic value of avoiding pollution. If the cap is stringent and credits are scarce, their price rises, motivating companies to reduce emissions more aggressively. On the other hand, if the cap is lenient or technological advancements make emissions reduction cheaper, the price of credits tends