Base metals are non-precious metals that are widely used in industry and manufacturing due to their physical and chemical properties. They differ from precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum because they are relatively abundant, less expensive, and primarily valued for their industrial applications rather than investment or ornamental purposes. Base metals are essential commodities in the global market, and they form a significant portion of international commodity trading. The trading of these metals occurs on several international exchanges such as the London Metal Exchange (LME), Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE), Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and COMEX. The main base metals traded on international commodity exchanges include copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, and tin. Each of these metals has unique applications, pricing mechanisms, and trading characteristics, which makes them vital for global economic activities. Copper is one of the most actively traded base metals in the world and serves as a fundamental industrial metal due to its high electrical and thermal conductivity. It is extensively used in electrical wiring, electronics, plumbing, roofing, and industrial machinery. Copper’s demand is closely linked to global economic activity, infrastructure development, and technological advancement. Its price is often seen as an indicator of economic health, especially in industrial sectors. On international commodity exchanges such as the LME, copper is traded in standard contracts that specify the quantity, grade, and delivery terms. Investors and industries track copper prices closely because of their volatility, which is influenced by supply disruptions, mining output, energy costs, geopolitical tensions, and macroeconomic factors. In addition, copper futures contracts allow participants to hedge against price risks, enabling manufacturers and investors to plan for future costs more accurately. Trading in copper also includes options and physical contracts, giving participants flexibility in risk management and investment strategies. Aluminum is another significant base metal that plays a crucial role in industrial applications due to its lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and recyclable properties. It is widely used in transportation, construction, packaging, aerospace, and consumer goods. Aluminum production requires considerable amounts of electricity, making its pricing sensitive to energy costs, particularly in