Perception and values play a central role in the emergence, escalation, and persistence of conflicts. Conflicts are not always caused by objective differences in interests or resources; they are often intensified by the way individuals and groups interpret situations and by the values they hold. In peace and conflict management, understanding perception and values is essential because they shape attitudes, behaviours, and responses during disputes. Misunderstandings, stereotypes, emotional reactions, and incompatible value systems can transform minor disagreements into prolonged and destructive conflicts. Perception refers to the process through which people interpret information, events, and the behaviour of others. Since perception is influenced by personal experiences, culture, beliefs, education, emotions, and expectations, different individuals may perceive the same event in completely different ways. These differing interpretations often create suspicion, mistrust, and hostility. For example, a statement intended as constructive criticism may be perceived as an insult, leading to defensive behaviour and escalating interpersonal conflict. Selective perception is another factor that intensifies conflicts. People tend to notice information that supports their existing beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts them. This confirmation bias strengthens prejudices and reinforces negative opinions about opposing individuals or groups. As a result, opportunities for dialogue and compromise become limited. Stereotyping also contributes significantly to conflict escalation. Individuals often assign generalized characteristics to members of another group without considering individual differences. Such stereotypes create fear, discrimination, and social divisions. In