Newborns are highly vulnerable during the neonatal period, and a variety of medical problems may arise due to physiological immaturity, birth-related complications, or environmental factors. One of the most common problems is birth asphyxia, which occurs due to inadequate oxygen supply before, during, or immediately after birth. It can lead to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and long-term neurological deficits if not managed promptly. Respiratory distress syndrome is another frequent condition, particularly in preterm infants, caused by surfactant deficiency leading to alveolar collapse and difficulty in breathing. Transient tachypnea of the newborn is also commonly observed, especially after cesarean delivery, due to delayed clearance of lung fluid. Neonatal infections constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis may develop due to exposure to pathogens during delivery or postnatally. Early-onset sepsis is usually acquired from the maternal genital tract, while late-onset infections are often hospital-acquired. Poor immunity in newborns makes them more susceptible, and signs such as lethargy, poor feeding, temperature instability, and respiratory distress require immediate attention. Umbilical cord infections, known as omphalitis, can also occur if hygienic practices are not followed. Jaundice is a very