Ethnicity is widely understood in sociology as a social construct rather than a purely biological or natural category. It refers to a group of people who identify with one another based on shared cultural characteristics such as language, religion, customs, traditions, ancestry, historical experiences, and collective memories. While people often perceive ethnicity as fixed and inherited, sociological theories emphasize that ethnic identities are created, maintained, transformed, and negotiated through social interactions, historical developments, political institutions, and cultural practices. Therefore, ethnicity is not simply a matter of objective differences but is shaped by social meanings and collective recognition. The concept of social construction suggests that categories acquire meaning because societies assign significance to them. Ethnic identities are formed through processes of inclusion and exclusion, where individuals define themselves and others according to cultural markers. These boundaries are neither universal nor permanent. The same individual may identify with different ethnic groups depending on social, political, or geographical contexts. Thus, ethnicity changes over time and across societies, demonstrating that it is socially produced rather than biologically determined. Fredrik Barth made a significant contribution by arguing that ethnic groups are defined not by cultural traits themselves but by the boundaries