Soil pollution refers to the degradation or contamination of soil through the introduction of harmful chemicals, toxic substances, pathogens, and other wastes that adversely affect soil quality, plants, animals, and human health. Soil is an essential environmental resource because it supports agriculture, regulates water, stores nutrients, and provides habitat for numerous organisms. However, increasing agricultural production, industrialization, urbanization, and the development of nuclear technologies have resulted in the generation of large quantities of wastes. When these wastes are improperly managed or released into the environment, they can contaminate soil and disturb its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Agricultural waste is an important source of soil pollution, particularly in regions where intensive farming is practiced. Modern agriculture depends heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides to increase crop production. Excessive application of nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers can alter soil chemistry and cause nutrient imbalance. Repeated use of fertilizers may also increase soil acidity or alkalinity and contribute to the accumulation of salts. Some fertilizers contain trace quantities of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury, which may gradually accumulate in agricultural soils. These toxic metals can be absorbed by crops and enter the food chain, creating risks for humans and animals. Pesticides and herbicides can remain in soil for varying periods depending on their chemical properties and environmental conditions. Persistent pesticides may accumulate in soil and adversely affect beneficial organisms such as earthworms, bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. These organisms are important for decomposition, nutrient