Nuclear proliferation refers to the spread of nuclear weapons, fissile material, and weapons-related technology to states that do not currently possess them. From the perspective of international relations, it represents a significant threat to global security, stability, and the balance of power. The dangers of nuclear proliferation can be analyzed through multiple theoretical lenses, including realism, liberalism, and constructivism, each emphasizing different aspects of the threat. From a realist perspective, the proliferation of nuclear weapons exacerbates the anarchic nature of the international system. States exist in a self-help environment where security is never guaranteed, and the acquisition of nuclear weapons is seen as a means of enhancing national power and deterrence. However, as more states obtain nuclear capabilities, the likelihood of miscalculations, misperceptions, and accidental escalations increases. The logic of deterrence assumes rational actors, but even rational states can make errors in judgment. Furthermore, the diffusion of nuclear weapons challenges the traditional balance of power, potentially empowering weaker states to challenge regional