Question
परमाणु प्रसार किस प्रकार संकट उत्पन्न करता है?
Answer :
Word Count : 1117
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परमाणु प्रसार अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति में ऐसे बहुआयामी संकट उत्पन्न करता है जो न केवल राज्य-व्यवस्था की स्थिरता को चुनौती देते हैं, बल्कि वैश्विक सुरक्षा ढाँचे, शक्ति-संतुलन, क्षेत्रीय शांति और मानव अस्तित्व तक पर गंभीर खतरा पैदा करते हैं। परमाणु प्रसार का अर्थ है उन देशों, समूहों या तत्वों के बीच परमाणु हथियारों, परमाणु तकनीक या उनसे जुड़ी विशेषज्ञता का फैलाव, जिनके पास यह पूर्व में नहीं थी। शीतयुद्ध के दौरान यह प्रसार मुख्यतः अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ की प्रतिस्पर्धा तक सीमित था, परंतु शीतयुद्ध के बाद नए राष्ट्रों के उदय, तकनीकी उपलब्धता में वृद्धि, क्षेत्रीय संघर्षों और सुरक्षा चिंताओं के कारण यह प्रक्रिया और जटिल रूप ले चुकी है। परिणामस्वरूप यह प्रश्न अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है कि परमाणु प्रसार किस प्रकार संकट उत्पन्न करता है और इसके क्या दूरगामी प्रभाव हो सकते हैं। सर्वप्रथम, परमाणु प्रसार पारंपरिक शक्ति-संतुलन को अस्थिर करता है। जब किसी क्षेत्र में कोई नया राज्य परमाणु क्षमता विकसित करता है, तो उसके पड़ोसी राष्ट्रों में असुरक्षा की भावना बढ़ जाती है और वे भी परमाणु हथियार प्राप्त करने की दिशा में सक्रिय हो जाते हैं। इससे क्षेत्रीय स्तर पर शस्त्र प्रतिद्वंद्विता तेज हो जाती है, जैसा दक्षिण एशिया में भारत-पाकिस्तान के मामले में स्पष्ट दिखता है। शक्ति-संतुलन अस्थिर होने पर युद्ध की संभावना भले ही प्रत्यक्ष रूप से कम हो, परंतु छोटे-छोटे तनाव बढ़कर बड़े संकट का रूप ले लेते हैं। जैसे कारगिल संघर्ष में दोनों देशों का परमाणु-सज्जित होना—अंतरराष्ट्रीय समुदाय में भय का कारण बना। इस प्रकार परमाणु प्रसार से सुरक्षा-दुविधा (security dilemma) गहरी होती है। दूसरे, परमाणु प्रसार अंतरराष्ट्रीय आतंकवाद को भी नई दिशा देता है। आज गैर-राज्य तत्वों की पहुँच उन्नत तकनीक
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