How can coastal community’s participation help in ICM process?
Current conditions of coastal and marine resources in Southeast Asia indicate a high level of degradation primarily from destructive fishing practices,overexploitation, siltation/sedimentation(i.e., stream bottom deposits), pollution, and habitat loss. These problems often result from adefac to open access system, lack of an integrated framework for coastal and marine resource protection at the national and local level, low level of public awareness, and economic hardships in coastal communities.
Three Management Approaches
All management strategies consistent of either a top-down, bottom-up or combination approach.
•A top-down approach—When people other than the resource users make decisionsabout managing resources and enforcing rules. For example, government departments make all the decisions and rules about the resources.
•Bottom-up or combination approach—When people
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