Hominisation refers to the evolutionary process through which early ape-like ancestors gradually developed into modern humans, involving a series of biological, behavioral, and cultural transformations. It is a complex and continuous process marked by significant anatomical and cognitive changes that distinguish humans from other primates. This process began several million years ago in Africa and includes various stages represented by different hominin species. One of the earliest and most crucial features of hominisation is bipedalism, or upright walking on two legs. Fossil evidence from species such as Australopithecus indicates that the shift from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion was a defining adaptation. This change allowed for better energy efficiency in movement, freed the hands for carrying objects and tool use, and enabled early hominins to adapt to changing environments such as open savannas. Anatomical modifications such as the forward placement of the foramen magnum, changes in pelvic structure, and the development of arched feet supported this transition. Another key aspect of hominisation is the increase in brain size and complexity, known as encephalization. Early hominins had relatively small brains, but over time, species such as