Urban development in India has been a key focus of the government to address rapid urbanization, improve infrastructure, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents. Over the years, India has launched multiple urban development programmes, integrating technology and planning frameworks, including geoinformatics, to make urban management more efficient and sustainable. These programmes aim to address challenges such as population pressure, unplanned growth, traffic congestion, inadequate housing, environmental degradation, and poor service delivery in cities. One of the earliest and significant initiatives was the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) launched in 2005. Its objective was to encourage reforms and fast-track infrastructure development in cities. The mission focused on improving urban governance, providing basic services to the urban poor, and promoting integrated city development plans. Geoinformatics played a crucial role in JNNURM by enabling spatial mapping of urban infrastructure, monitoring project implementation, and facilitating planning of public amenities such as water supply, sanitation, and transportation networks. The Smart Cities Mission, initiated in 2015, marked a shift toward technology-driven