Genetic diversity refers to the variation in genetic characteristics among individuals of the same species. It arises from differences in genes and genetic combinations within a population. Species diversity, on the other hand, refers to the variety of different species present in a particular habitat, ecosystem, or geographical region. Both forms of biodiversity are important components of biological diversity and are closely related to the functioning, stability, and sustainability of ecosystems. Genetic diversity is produced through processes such as mutation, genetic recombination, natural selection, and gene flow. It enables populations to adapt to changing environmental conditions, diseases, pests, and climatic stresses. For example, different varieties of rice, wheat, mango, and medicinal plants possess distinct genetic characteristics. Some varieties may be resistant to drought, salinity, pests, or diseases, while others may have better nutritional or commercial qualities. Conservation of such genetic variation is therefore essential for agriculture, food security, and future breeding programmes. Genetic resources are preserved through seed banks, gene banks, botanical gardens, field conservation, and in-situ conservation. India possesses considerable genetic diversity because of its varied climate, geography, and agricultural traditions. Traditional crop varieties and livestock breeds represent valuable genetic resources. For instance, indigenous varieties of rice have adaptations to different