Genetic diversity refers to the variation in genetic characteristics among individuals of the same species. It includes differences in genes, chromosomes, and inherited traits that make individuals unique. For example, people belonging to the same human species differ in height, skin colour, blood groups, physical features, abilities, and resistance to certain diseases. Such variations arise through mutation, genetic recombination, and reproduction. Genetic diversity is essential for the survival and adaptability of populations because it enables them to respond to changing environmental conditions, diseases, and other challenges. Species diversity refers to the variety of different species found within a particular ecosystem, geographical region, or on the Earth as a whole. It includes both the number of species and their relative abundance. Forests, wetlands, grasslands, oceans, and agricultural landscapes contain numerous species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. For example, a forest may contain trees, birds, insects, mammals, reptiles, and