Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that contain one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shell. These unpaired electrons make free radicals unstable, and they tend to react quickly with other molecules, often causing damage to cellular structures such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. The production of free radicals in the body is a normal part of metabolic processes, but an imbalance between their production and the body’s antioxidant defenses can lead to oxidative stress, which is linked to various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. Free radicals are primarily generated through two sources: endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external). Endogenous sources include normal cellular metabolism, especially during processes like oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, where oxygen is used to produce ATP. During this process, a small