Virtual Private Network (VPN) security refers to the technologies, protocols, and practices used to create a secure and encrypted connection between a user’s device and a remote network over the internet. The primary objective of VPN security is to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of data transmitted across potentially insecure public networks. In the modern digital environment, where cyber threats such as hacking, data interception, surveillance, and identity theft are increasing, VPNs have become an essential component of information and cyber security strategies for individuals, organizations, and governments. A VPN works by creating an encrypted tunnel between the user and the VPN server. When a user connects to a VPN, their internet traffic is routed through this encrypted tunnel before reaching its destination. This process masks the user’s IP address and replaces it with the IP address of the VPN server, thereby providing anonymity and privacy. Encryption ensures that even if attackers intercept the data packets, they cannot read or manipulate the information without the encryption key. Modern VPNs use advanced encryption standards such as AES-256, which is considered highly secure and is widely adopted in military and financial systems. VPN security relies heavily on tunneling protocols, which determine how data is transmitted securely across networks. Some of the most commonly used VPN protocols include Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TLS), OpenVPN, WireGuard, and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). IPSec is widely used in site-to-site VPNs and provides strong encryption and authentication mechanisms. SSL/TLS VPNs are commonly used for remote access because they operate through web browsers and require minimal configuration. OpenVPN is an open-source protocol known for flexibility and strong security, while WireGuard is a newer protocol designed to offer improved performance, simplified code, and