Sex and gender are closely related but distinct concepts in the sociology of gender. Biology refers to the natural and physical differences between males and females, such as chromosomes, hormones, reproductive organs, and secondary sexual characteristics. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviours, expectations, and identities associated with being masculine, feminine, or other gender identities. Sociology examines how biological differences interact with social institutions and cultural practices to shape human behaviour and social relations. Biological differences between males and females are universal to the human species. Women possess reproductive capacities such as pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding, while men produce sperm and generally have greater muscle mass because of hormonal differences. These biological characteristics influence certain physical functions. However, sociologists argue that biology alone cannot explain the wide variation in gender roles across societies and historical periods. If biology were the sole determinant,