Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth’s climate system. While human activities such as fossil fuel burning, deforestation, and industrial emissions are major contributors to recent climate change, the Earth’s climate has historically fluctuated due to natural drivers. These natural drivers, also known as climate forcings, are factors originating from both terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes that influence the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth system, leading to warming or cooling over different timescales. Understanding these natural drivers is crucial for distinguishing between human-induced and natural climate variability and for predicting future climate scenarios. One of the primary natural drivers of climate change is variations in solar radiation. The Sun is the Earth’s main source of energy, and any changes in its output can directly affect global temperatures. Solar variability occurs on different timescales, from the 11-year sunspot cycle to longer-term fluctuations over centuries. During periods of high sunspot activity, solar radiation tends to increase slightly, leading to a warming effect on the Earth’s surface, whereas periods of low sunspot activity correspond to lower solar output and cooler global temperatures. Historic events like the Maunder Minimum, which occurred between 1645 and 1715, coincided with the “Little Ice Age,” a period of significantly cooler temperatures in parts of Europe and North America, demonstrating the influence of solar activity on climate. Volcanic activity is another important natural driver of climate change. Volcanic eruptions release large quantities of gases, ash, and aerosols into the atmosphere. Among these, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is particularly significant because it can form sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere, reflecting sunlight and causing a temporary cooling effect. Major volcanic eruptions, such as Mount Pinatubo in 1991, have led to measurable decreases in global average temperatures for several years following the eruption. Volcanic activity not only influences temperature but can also affect precipitation patterns and atmospheric circulation. While volcanic effects are generally short-term compared to other natural drivers, they can cause abrupt climate anomalies and contribute to longer-term variability when eruptions are frequent. Orbital variations, commonly referred to as Milankovitch cycles, are fundamental natural drivers that operate on timescales of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. These cycles involve changes in the Earth’s orbit and axial orientation,