Climate change refers to long-term variations in the average weather conditions of the Earth, including temperature, rainfall, wind patterns, and seasonal cycles. Although human activities have become a major cause of recent climate change, the Earth’s climate has always changed naturally over millions of years. These natural causes operate over short, medium, and long timescales and have significantly influenced the planet’s climate history. One major natural cause of climate change is variations in solar radiation. The Sun is the primary source of energy for the Earth, and any change in the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth can affect global temperatures. The Sun does not emit energy at a constant rate. Periodic changes such as sunspot cycles can increase or decrease solar output slightly. When solar radiation increases, temperatures may rise, and when it decreases, cooling may occur. Volcanic eruptions are another important natural factor. Large volcanic eruptions release ash, dust, and gases such as sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. These particles can block sunlight from reaching the Earth’s surface, causing temporary global cooling. For example, after major eruptions, temperatures may drop