Cyberspace has become an essential part of modern life because individuals, businesses, and governments depend heavily on digital communication, online services, and electronic data storage. While these technologies bring convenience and efficiency, they also create opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. Security issues in cyberspace refer to the threats and risks that compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of digital information and systems. These issues affect individuals, organizations, and public infrastructure, making cybersecurity a critical concern in modern facilities and digital environments. One of the most common security issues in cyberspace is hacking. Hacking refers to unauthorized access to computer systems or networks with the intention of stealing information, damaging systems, or disrupting services. Hackers exploit weaknesses in software, networks, or user practices to gain entry into systems. Once access is obtained, they may steal confidential information such as passwords, financial records, or personal data. In many cases, hackers also install malicious software to maintain control over the system for a long period of time. Organizations that fail to update their software or maintain strong security measures become easy targets for such attacks. Another major cybersecurity issue is malware. Malware is a general term used for malicious software designed to damage or disrupt computer systems. It includes viruses, worms, spyware, trojans, and ransomware. Viruses can attach themselves to files and spread from one system to another, damaging data and affecting system performance. Worms can replicate themselves across networks without user interaction, spreading rapidly and causing large-scale disruption. Trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software but secretly provide attackers with access to the system. Spyware collects user information without their knowledge, such as browsing habits or login credentials. Ransomware is particularly dangerous because it locks or encrypts data and demands payment from the victim to restore access. Phishing is another common cybersecurity threat that targets users through deception. In phishing attacks, cybercriminals send fraudulent emails, messages, or websites that appear to be legitimate. The goal is to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or bank details. These messages often imitate trusted institutions such as banks, government agencies, or well-known companies. When users click on malicious links or provide personal data, attackers gain access to their accounts or financial resources. Phishing attacks are effective because they exploit human trust and lack of awareness rather than technical vulnerabilities. Identity theft is closely related to phishing and data breaches. In identity theft, criminals obtain personal information such as social security numbers,