Survey research is a systematic method of collecting information from a selected group of respondents to describe, compare, or explain characteristics, opinions, attitudes, behaviours, or conditions of a population. It is widely used in social sciences, education, health, business, and other fields because it enables researchers to collect standardized information from a relatively large number of people. A major characteristic of survey research is the use of a clearly defined population. The researcher identifies the group about which conclusions are to be drawn and selects a sample when studying the entire population is not feasible. Proper sampling is important because the quality and representativeness of the sample directly influence the validity of the findings. Probability sampling techniques such as simple random, stratified, and systematic sampling are commonly used to improve representativeness. Another important characteristic is the systematic collection of standardized data. Surveys generally use structured questionnaires, interview schedules, or online forms containing predetermined questions. All or most respondents are asked similar questions, making their responses easier to compare and analyse. Questions may be closed-ended, such as multiple-choice or rating-scale questions, or open-ended, allowing respondents to express their views in their own words. Survey research is also characterized by quantitative orientation, although qualitative information can sometimes be included. Responses are frequently coded numerically and analysed using percentages, averages, measures of