Material handling is an essential activity in every industry because raw materials, components, tools, finished products, waste materials and equipment must be moved from one location to another. Material handling may be performed manually by workers or mechanically with the help of cranes, hoists, conveyors, forklifts, trucks, trolleys and other lifting devices. Improper material handling can cause serious injuries, equipment damage, production losses and even fatalities. Therefore, effective material handling safety is an important part of Mechanical and Electrical Safety Management. Manual material handling involves lifting, lowering, carrying, pushing, pulling, holding or moving materials using human effort. One of the most common hazards is musculoskeletal injury. Workers may suffer from back pain, muscle strains, sprains, ligament injuries and joint problems when they lift heavy loads or maintain awkward postures for long periods. Repeated lifting, bending, twisting and reaching can gradually cause occupational disorders. The risk becomes greater when the load is heavy, bulky, unstable or difficult to grip. Poor lifting techniques are another important hazard. A worker who bends from the waist and lifts a heavy object suddenly may place excessive stress on the lower back. Carrying loads that obstruct vision can also cause workers to trip, collide with objects or fall from platforms and stairs. Slippery, uneven or congested floors further increase the possibility of slips, trips and falls. Materials with sharp edges, rough surfaces, hot surfaces or protruding parts can cause cuts, abrasions, burns and puncture wounds. Heavy objects may fall from a worker's hands or become unstable during carrying, resulting in crushing injuries to the feet, hands or other body parts. Workers handling chemicals or hazardous substances may also be exposed to toxic, corrosive, flammable or irritating materials if proper containers and protective equipment are not used. Manual handling can also create ergonomic hazards. Workstations that require workers to repeatedly stretch, bend, kneel or work above shoulder level can increase physical strain. Excessive workload, insufficient rest and repetitive movements may cause fatigue, reducing concentration and increasing the likelihood of accidents. Mechanical material handling uses equipment to lift, transport, stack or position materials. Although mechanical equipment reduces physical effort, it introduces additional hazards. Cranes and hoists can cause accidents when loads exceed their rated capacity, lifting accessories are defective, or loads are improperly secured. A suspended load may fall because of broken ropes, chains, hooks, slings or other components. Workers standing beneath or near