The Paris Agreement on climate change is one of the most significant international treaties ever adopted to address the global challenge of climate change. It was adopted on December 12, 2015, at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris, France, and entered into force on November 4, 2016. The agreement brought together almost every country in the world, with the aim of limiting global warming and ensuring sustainable development for future generations. It is a legally binding framework, yet highly flexible, designed to balance environmental protection, economic development, and international cooperation. Its features demonstrate a combination of ambition and practicality, recognizing the urgency of the climate crisis while acknowledging the different circumstances of nations. One of the central features of the Paris Agreement is its long-term temperature goal. The agreement commits countries to limit the rise in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. This temperature target is significant because scientific evidence shows that surpassing these thresholds would lead to catastrophic climate impacts, including more frequent and severe heatwaves, rising sea levels, destruction of ecosystems, and increased risks to human health and livelihoods. By emphasizing the 1.5°C threshold, the agreement acknowledges the concerns of the most vulnerable nations, such as small island developing states and least developed countries, which are disproportionately affected by climate change. Another defining feature of the Paris Agreement is the concept of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Unlike previous climate treaties that imposed binding emission reduction targets on specific countries, particularly developed ones, the Paris Agreement requires all parties—developed and developing alike—to submit their own climate action plans. These plans outline national goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to climate change, and build resilience. The NDCs are voluntary and self-determined, allowing countries to set their targets based on national circumstances, capacities, and priorities. However, they are subject to review, transparency, and increasing ambition over time. The agreement requires parties to submit updated NDCs every five years, with each successive contribution expected to be more ambitious than the last. This principle of progression ensures continuous improvement in global climate action. The Paris Agreement also establishes a transparency framework that is essential for building trust and accountability among nations. The transparency mechanism requires countries to regularly report their greenhouse gas emissions, progress in implementing NDCs, and adaptation measures. These reports are subject to a technical expert review and a multilateral process of consideration, which ensures fairness and credibility. The transparency system is designed to be flexible, taking into account the differing capacities of