Climate change is often associated with human activities, but long before industrialization, the Earth’s climate system was already dynamic and influenced by powerful natural drivers. These natural factors are processes and phenomena that originate within the Earth system or from external cosmic influences, leading to shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, atmospheric composition, and long-term climate stability. Understanding these natural drivers is essential to grasp the broader picture of how climate evolves over time, and how human-induced changes interact with underlying natural variability. While modern climate change is primarily driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the natural forces that shape climate continue to operate and contribute to fluctuations on different timescales ranging from decades to millions of years. One of the most significant natural drivers of climate change is solar variability. The Sun is the primary energy source for Earth’s climate system, and even small variations in solar output can influence global temperatures. Solar activity is not constant; it changes due to cycles of sunspots, solar flares, and the broader eleven-year solar cycle. During periods of high solar activity, more solar radiation reaches Earth, potentially leading to warmer conditions, while reduced activity may correspond to cooler phases. A well-known historical example is the Maunder Minimum between the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when low sunspot activity coincided with the “Little Ice Age” in Europe and North America, a time marked by unusually cold winters and shorter growing seasons. Although solar fluctuations alone cannot explain the rapid warming observed in recent decades, they remain a key factor in natural climate variability over