Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the Polluter Pays Principle are important approaches for ensuring environmentally sound management of waste. In the context of Biomedical Waste Management (BMW), these principles help establish responsibility, accountability and financial obligations for persons or institutions whose activities generate biomedical waste or whose products contribute to its generation. Biomedical waste is generated during diagnosis, treatment and immunisation of human beings or animals, as well as during research, production or testing of biological materials. It includes human and animal anatomical waste, soiled waste, sharps, discarded medicines, laboratory waste, chemical waste and contaminated plastics. Because such waste can contain infectious agents, toxic chemicals and hazardous substances, its improper management poses serious risks to public health and the environment. The Polluter Pays Principle means that the person or institution responsible for causing environmental pollution should bear the cost of preventing, controlling and remedying that pollution. It is based on the idea that environmental costs should not be transferred to society or future generations. In BMW management, the principle places responsibility on healthcare facilities, laboratories, research institutions, veterinary establishments and other biomedical waste generators to manage their waste properly and bear the associated costs. A healthcare establishment cannot simply transfer the environmental and health risks of its waste to municipal authorities, sanitation workers or the general public. The waste generator is expected to ensure segregation at the point of generation, safe collection, appropriate storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal. The expenses involved in these activities are part of the responsibility of the waste generator. For example, a hospital generating infectious waste must make arrangements for appropriate treatment and disposal rather than mixing it with ordinary municipal solid waste. The principle is particularly important because improper disposal of BMW can cause several forms of pollution. Open dumping or burning of biomedical waste can contaminate soil and water and release harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Sharps can cause injuries and transmission of blood-borne infections. Pharmaceutical and chemical waste can enter water bodies and adversely affect aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, requiring the waste generator to bear the cost of proper management creates an economic incentive to minimise waste and comply with environmental standards. The Polluter Pays Principle also has a corrective dimension. Where improper handling or disposal causes environmental damage, the responsible party may be required to bear the costs associated with remediation, restoration or other corrective measures, subject to the applicable legal framework. Thus, the principle goes beyond simply paying for routine waste disposal; it supports accountability for environmental harm resulting from negligence or non-compliance. EPR, or Extended Producer Responsibility, is a policy approach under which producers are given responsibility for the environmental management of products and their associated waste, particularly after the products have been used and discarded. The principle shifts part of the responsibility for waste management from governments and consumers towards producers. It encourages producers to consider the entire life cycle of products, from design and