Conservation agriculture is a sustainable farming approach aimed at improving soil health, enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC), and ensuring long-term agricultural productivity while mitigating climate change. Soil organic carbon is a key indicator of soil quality and fertility as it influences nutrient availability, water retention, and microbial activity. Conservation agricultural practices are designed to reduce soil degradation, enhance carbon sequestration, and adapt farming systems to changing climatic conditions. Several practices play a crucial role in enhancing soil organic carbon and overall soil health. One of the core practices is minimum or zero tillage. Traditional ploughing disturbs the soil structure, accelerates organic matter decomposition, and increases carbon emissions from soil. Conservation tillage minimizes soil disturbance, allowing crop residues to remain on the surface, which reduces erosion and maintains moisture. Over time, this practice enhances soil aggregation, reduces the loss of organic matter, and promotes the buildup of SOC in the topsoil. Zero tillage has been widely adopted in regions like the Indo-Gangetic plains in India for wheat cultivation after rice harvest, leading to reduced fuel consumption, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and improved soil structure. Another key practice is the retention of crop residues. Leaving residues such as straw, stalks, or leaves on the soil surface prevents erosion, moderates soil temperature, and serves as an organic input for the soil. These residues decompose gradually, contributing to humus formation and increasing soil carbon levels. The retained residues also provide habitat for beneficial soil organisms like earthworms and microbes, which aid in the natural breakdown of organic matter and nutrient cycling. Crop residue management is particularly important in regions experiencing high soil erosion and organic matter depletion. Crop diversification and rotation are essential strategies for improving soil organic carbon and overall soil fertility. Planting different crops in a sequence helps break pest and disease cycles while providing varied root structures and residues that contribute to carbon sequestration. For example, rotating cereals with legumes not only improves nitrogen availability through biological nitrogen fixation but also enhances SOC due to the addition of diverse organic residues. Deep-rooted crops help in carbon deposition in the subsoil, while shallow-rooted crops contribute to surface carbon accumulation, resulting in a balanced soil carbon profile over time. Cover cropping is another effective conservation agricultural practice that enhances soil health. Cover crops, such as legumes, grasses, or brassicas, are grown during fallow periods to protect the soil from erosion and nutrient loss. They increase organic matter input, improve soil aggregation, and stimulate microbial activity. Leguminous cover crops contribute to nitrogen fixation, while fibrous-rooted grasses improve soil structure and enhance carbon stabilization in deeper layers. By continuously providing biomass to