Social movements are organized, collective, and sustained efforts by groups of people to bring about, resist, or reverse social change. They emerge when individuals sharing common grievances, aspirations, or identities collectively challenge existing social, economic, political, or cultural arrangements. Unlike spontaneous protests or isolated acts of resistance, social movements involve continuity, organization, shared objectives, and collective action. In Indian sociology, social movements have been studied as significant instruments of social transformation, democratization, and resistance against inequality. Scholars such as M.S.A. Rao, Ghanshyam Shah, A.R. Desai, T.K. Oommen, and Rajni Kothari have extensively analyzed the nature and dynamics of social movements in India. The origin of social movements can be understood through multiple sociological perspectives. Structural strain theory argues that movements emerge due to tensions created by social inequalities, deprivation, unemployment, discrimination, or rapid social change. Relative deprivation theory suggests that people mobilize when they perceive a gap between their expectations and actual conditions. Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the availability of organizational resources, leadership, communication networks, and financial support for sustaining collective action. The new social movement perspective highlights identity, culture, environmental concerns, gender equality, human rights, and quality of life as the basis of contemporary movements rather than purely economic interests. In