Question
नए सामाजिक आंदोलनों की अवधारणा और विशेषताओं की व्याख्या कीजिए। ये पारंपरिक सामाजिक आंदोलनों से किस प्रकार भिन्न हैं?
Answer :
Word Count : 716
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नए सामाजिक आंदोलनों (New Social Movements) की अवधारणा का विकास मुख्यतः 1960 के दशक के बाद पश्चिमी समाजों में उभरे उन आंदोलनों के संदर्भ में हुआ, जो केवल आर्थिक शोषण, वर्ग-संघर्ष अथवा राज्यसत्ता पर नियंत्रण जैसे पारंपरिक मुद्दों तक सीमित नहीं थे, बल्कि पर्यावरण संरक्षण, लैंगिक समानता, मानवाधिकार, शांति, जातीय पहचान, सांस्कृतिक विविधता, उपभोक्ता अधिकार, यौन अल्पसंख्यकों के अधिकार तथा जीवन की गुणवत्ता जैसे प्रश्नों को केंद्र में रखते थे। समाजशास्त्री एलेन ट्यूरैन, अल्बर्टो मेलुची, क्लॉस ऑफे तथा युर्गेन हैबरमास ने नए सामाजिक आंदोलनों की सैद्धांतिक व्याख्या प्रस्तुत की। भारतीय संदर्भ में भी चिपको आंदोलन, नर्मदा बचाओ आंदोलन, महिला आंदोलन, दलित आंदोलन, आदिवासी अधिकार आंदोलन तथा सूचना के अधिकार के लिए संघर्ष जैसे अनेक आंदोलन नए सामाजिक आंदोलनों की विशेषताओं को प्रदर्शित करते हैं। नए सामाजिक आंदोलनों का प्रमुख उद्देश्य केवल सत्ता परिवर्तन नहीं, बल्कि समाज में लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों, सामाजिक न्याय, सांस्कृतिक पहचान, पर्यावरणीय संतुलन तथा नागरिक अधिकारों की रक्षा करना है। ये आंदोलन उत्तर-औद्योगिक समाज में उत्पन्न नई सामाजिक समस्याओं तथा वैश्वीकरण, उदारीकरण और
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