The working class in India represents a significant social group whose formation and development have been closely linked with the processes of industrialization, urbanization, colonial economic policies, and post-independence economic transformations. Unlike the classical industrial working class described in Western sociology, the Indian working class has developed within a complex social structure marked by caste, community, gender inequalities, informal employment, and diverse occupational patterns. The emergence of the Indian working class can be traced back to the colonial period when modern industries such as textiles, mining, railways, plantations, and ports expanded under British rule. The growth of these industries created a new category of wage labourers who worked under exploitative conditions. Workers in cotton mills of Bombay, jute mills of Bengal, coal mines of eastern India, and plantations of Assam became early examples of industrial labour. However, the colonial working class remained fragmented due to regional, caste, and ethnic divisions. The development of the working class in India has been influenced by the agrarian background of the majority of workers. Many industrial workers were migrants from rural areas who maintained strong links with their villages. This rural connection shaped their social