Organisational design refers to the systematic process of structuring an organisation so that its people, resources, activities and authority relationships are arranged effectively to achieve predetermined objectives. In industrial project management, organisational design is particularly important because projects involve specialised activities, limited time, multiple departments, technical teams and substantial financial resources. A suitable organisational design clarifies responsibilities, reporting relationships, communication channels and decision-making authority. It also helps managers control project cost, time, quality and performance. An organisation may be designed according to functions, products, projects, geographical areas or a combination of these. For example, in a manufacturing project, separate departments may be created for engineering, procurement, production, finance, quality control and human resources. In a project-oriented structure, a project manager may have authority over engineers, supervisors, procurement personnel and other specialists working on a particular project. The choice of design depends on the size, complexity, technology and objectives of the organisation. Coordination is an essential element of organisational design. It means integrating the activities of different individuals and departments so that they work towards common objectives. In industrial projects, activities are highly interdependent. For example, the procurement department cannot complete its work effectively unless it receives accurate material specifications from the engineering department. Similarly, construction activities depend on