Health risks and vulnerabilities in India exhibit significant spatial variation due to the country’s diverse geography, climate, socio-economic conditions, and population distribution. Environmental geography provides a framework to understand how natural and human-induced factors influence health outcomes across regions. In India, the variation in health risks is closely linked to factors such as climate, topography, urbanization, water resources, and exposure to natural hazards. Northern India, encompassing the Indo-Gangetic plains, faces health vulnerabilities related to high population density, pollution, and water-borne diseases. The extensive river systems and monsoonal rainfall create conditions for frequent flooding, which promotes the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and hepatitis. Urban centers like Delhi and Lucknow experience high air pollution levels, leading to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and increasing cases of asthma. Moreover, the cold winters