Geographical Information System (GIS) is a multidisciplinary field that integrates geography, computer science, cartography, statistics, remote sensing, surveying, and information technology to collect, store, manage, analyze, and visualize spatial data. It can be understood from two complementary perspectives: GIS as a science and GIS as a technology. While GIS as a science focuses on the theoretical foundations, methods, and principles governing spatial information, GIS as a technology emphasizes the tools, hardware, software, and applications used to solve real-world problems. GIS as a science is concerned with the study of spatial phenomena and the development of methods to understand relationships between geographic features. It investigates how spatial data are collected, represented, analyzed, and interpreted to answer questions related to location, distribution, patterns, and processes occurring on the Earth's surface. GIScience, or Geographic Information Science, provides the conceptual framework for understanding spatial relationships and geographic information. It explores topics such as