Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, sea levels, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events caused largely by human activities. The scientific consensus, reflected in assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, establishes that the primary driver of recent climate change is the increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide due to burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes, and unsustainable consumption patterns. The enhanced greenhouse effect traps more heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to global warming and associated disruptions in ecological and social systems. The impacts of climate change are multidimensional and deeply interconnected with health and environmental systems. Rising temperatures intensify heatwaves, which contribute to heat stress, dehydration, and cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. Changes in rainfall patterns affect agriculture, water security, and food systems, leading to malnutrition and displacement. The increased frequency of extreme weather events such as floods, cyclones, droughts, and wildfires damages infrastructure, disrupts livelihoods, and increases the burden on public health systems. Vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue expand into new regions as temperature and humidity conditions become favorable for disease transmission. In coastal areas, sea-level rise leads to salinization of water sources, displacement of populations, and heightened vulnerability to storm surges. Global policy responses to climate change have evolved over several decades through multilateral negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The convention, adopted in 1992, established the foundational principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities,” recognizing that while climate change is a shared global problem, developed countries bear a greater historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. Subsequent agreements sought to operationalize emission reductions and climate cooperation. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, imposed legally binding emission reduction targets on developed countries. Although it marked a significant step in international climate governance, its effectiveness was limited by the absence of binding commitments for developing countries and the withdrawal or non-participation of some major emitters. Nevertheless, it established mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which enabled developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing nations. A major turning point came with the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement requires all countries to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) outlining their climate mitigation and adaptation plans. Its central goal is to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. The agreement emphasizes transparency, climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building, with developed countries expected to mobilize financial support for developing nations.