Conflict is an inherent feature of human relationships, societies and states, arising from differences in interests, values, identities, resources and perceptions. In the Indian perspective on peace and conflict, responses to conflict are not limited to coercion or confrontation; they also include dialogue, negotiation, mediation and conciliation. These approaches differ in their methods, assumptions and degree of direct involvement, and their effectiveness depends upon the nature of the conflict and the willingness of the parties to seek peace. Confrontation refers to a direct and often adversarial response in which one party openly challenges or resists another. It may involve protests, political mobilisation, legal action, economic pressure or, in extreme situations, military force. Confrontation can be effective when there is a serious imbalance of power or when peaceful demands have repeatedly been ignored. In India, mass movements and non-violent resistance demonstrated how confrontation could challenge unjust authority. Mahatma Gandhi's satyagraha transformed confrontation by emphasising truth, non-violence and moral pressure. However, violent confrontation can intensify hostility, produce casualties and deepen mistrust. Therefore, confrontation may bring immediate attention to an issue but does not necessarily address the underlying causes of conflict. Negotiation involves direct communication between conflicting parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. It allows parties to