Border disputes are among the most significant sources of conflict in the contemporary world. A border represents not only a geographical boundary between states but also reflects issues of sovereignty, identity, security, resources, and historical claims. In the modern international system, where territorial integrity is closely connected with national power and political legitimacy, disagreements over borders often become prolonged conflicts. These disputes influence regional stability, international relations, economic development, and peace-building efforts. The nature of contemporary border disputes is complex and multidimensional. Some disputes arise due to unclear demarcation of boundaries inherited from colonial rule, while others result from historical claims, ethnic divisions, strategic interests, and competition over natural resources. Borders created without considering local identities and communities have often become sources of tension. Many modern border conflicts involve a combination of political, military, and social factors, making their resolution difficult. They may range from diplomatic disagreements and legal disputes to armed confrontations between states. The causes of border disputes are rooted in historical, political, and economic circumstances. Colonial legacies are a major factor in many regions, as colonial powers often established boundaries according to administrative convenience rather than cultural or geographical realities. After independence, newly formed states inherited these boundaries, leading to disagreements over territorial ownership. Nationalism and the desire to protect territorial sovereignty also contribute to border conflicts, as governments may use territorial issues to strengthen national identity and political support. Security concerns are another important cause of border disputes. States often view control over