Conflict resolution in the international system often involves the use of coercive methods when peaceful negotiations and diplomatic efforts fail. Coercion refers to the use or threat of force, pressure, or punitive measures to influence the behaviour of states or non-state actors. From the perspective of global peace and conflict studies, coercive methods are broadly classified into measures short of war and measures involving war. While these methods may compel compliance in certain situations, they also raise significant legal, political, humanitarian, and ethical concerns. Coercive methods short of war include economic sanctions, diplomatic isolation, political pressure, military deterrence, blockades, embargoes, and the threat of military action. Economic sanctions are among the most widely used instruments. States or international organizations impose trade restrictions, financial freezes, or investment bans to compel a target state to change its policies. Sanctions are attractive because they avoid direct military confrontation while exerting considerable economic pressure. However, their effectiveness depends on broad international cooperation and may be weakened by alternative trading partners. Moreover, sanctions often harm ordinary civilians more than political leaders, creating humanitarian problems. Diplomatic isolation is another important coercive measure. States may suspend diplomatic relations, expel ambassadors, or exclude a country from international organizations. Such actions reduce the