The development of agriculture marked one of the most significant turning points in the history of early human societies. The transition from hunting and gathering to settled farming, often described as the Neolithic Revolution, transformed the economic, social, political, and cultural organization of early communities. Agriculture provided a stable source of food, encouraged permanent settlements, and laid the foundation for increasingly complex social structures. Before the emergence of agriculture, most human groups lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers. Their social organization was relatively simple, based on kinship and cooperation. Resources were shared collectively, private property was limited, and differences in wealth or status were generally minimal. Leadership was often informal and based on age, experience, or personal ability rather than inherited authority. Since mobility was essential, the accumulation of material possessions was restricted. The adoption of agriculture brought a fundamental change in this egalitarian social order. Cultivation of crops required permanent occupation of fertile land, leading to the establishment of villages and eventually towns. Sedentary life strengthened family and community ties while creating a stronger sense of territorial ownership. Land became the principal economic resource, and control over it increasingly determined social status and power. Agricultural production generated food surpluses beyond immediate consumption. The availability of surplus food supported population growth and enabled some individuals to engage in occupations other than farming. This resulted in the emergence of occupational specialization, including artisans, potters, metalworkers, traders, priests, and administrators. The division of labour increased economic efficiency but also contributed to social differentiation, as different occupations acquired varying degrees of prestige and influence. The