Archaeological research is the systematic study of past human societies through the recovery, examination, and interpretation of material remains. It provides essential evidence for understanding ancient social formations, cultural patterns, economic activities, technological developments, and human interactions. Unlike written history, which depends mainly on texts and inscriptions, archaeology reconstructs the past through physical remains left behind by human communities. The sources and methods of archaeology have developed significantly with advances in scientific techniques, enabling historians to gain deeper insights into ancient civilizations. The sources of archaeological research are broadly divided into material remains, monuments, artifacts, inscriptions, coins, and environmental evidence. Material remains are the primary sources of archaeology and include tools, weapons, pottery, ornaments, sculptures, buildings, and other objects produced or used by humans. These artifacts reveal information about the technological skills, artistic traditions, economic conditions, and daily life of ancient societies. Stone tools, for example, provide evidence about prehistoric human activities, while pottery helps in understanding cultural practices, trade relations, and chronological developments. Monuments and architectural remains are important archaeological sources. Temples, palaces, forts, settlements, burial structures, and public buildings reflect the political organization, religious beliefs, social hierarchy, and architectural achievements of ancient communities. The study of urban settlements such as those of the Indus Valley Civilization reveals