Environmental laws have evolved significantly through landmark court cases that expanded the scope of environmental protection, strengthened regulatory mechanisms, and established principles for sustainable development. In India, judicial activism has played a crucial role in interpreting constitutional provisions and ensuring protection of the environment, public health, and occupational safety. One of the most important cases is M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (Oleum Gas Leak Case). This case arose after a leakage of oleum gas from Shriram Food and Fertilizer Industry in Delhi. The Supreme Court introduced the principle of absolute liability for hazardous industries, holding that enterprises engaged in dangerous activities have an absolute and non-delegable duty to ensure that no harm is caused to workers and the public. This judgment significantly influenced industrial safety and environmental regulation. The M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (Ganga Pollution Case) was another landmark decision where the Court directed industries located along the Ganga River to install treatment facilities or face closure. The judgment emphasized the responsibility of industries to prevent water pollution and reinforced the concept of environmental protection as a constitutional obligation. In Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v.